Iran

Iran has one of the largest underground non-believing populations in the Muslim world, much of it invisible to outsiders and to the regime. The 1979 revolution institutionalized an interpretation of Shia Islam that has been imposed on private life through the morality police, the family courts, and the criminal code. The result is a country where, by every available indirect measurement, a substantial portion of the population is no longer practicing while continuing to perform compliance in public.

The legal cost of apostasy in Iran is severe in principle but rarely applied in the form of formal prosecution; the more common path is loss of family standing, custody, employment, and social position. The Baha’i community has faced systematic persecution since 1979 and continues to. Christians and Jews have constitutional minority status but converts from Islam to Christianity face heavy informal pressure.

Iranian ex-Muslims, both inside the country and in the diaspora (especially in the US, Canada, Germany, Sweden, and the UK), are part of one of the largest organized ex-Muslim communities globally. The pillar page on Islam, with its safety-first framing, applies. Iranian readers reading this in Iran should approach as private and as carefully as their situation requires; readers in the diaspora may have very different latitude.